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- Country in Central America, bounded N by
- Nicaragua, S by Panama, E by the Caribbean,
- and W by the Pacific Ocean. government The
- 1949 constitution provides for a president
- elected for a four-year term by compulsory
- adult suffrage, two elected vice presidents,
- and an appointed cabinet. There is a
- single-chamber legislature, the 57-member
- assembly, also serving a four-year term. Most
- significant among several parties are the
- National Liberation Party (PLN), and the
- Christian Socialist Unity Party (PUSC).
- history Originally occupied by Guaymi
- Indians, the area was visited by Christopher
- Columbus, and was colonized by Spanish
- settlers from the 16th century, becoming
- independent 1821. First part of the Mexican
- empire, then, with El Salvador, Guatemala,
- Honduras, and Nicaragua, part of the Central
- American Federation from 1824, Costa Rica
- became a republic 1838. Apart from a military
- dictatorship 1870-82, and a brief civil war
- 1948 after a disputed presidential election,
- it has been one of the most democratically
- governed states in Latin America. In 1949 a
- new constitution abolished the army, defence
- resting on the Civil Guard. Jose Figueres,
- leader of the anti-government forces in the
- previous year, became president. He
- co-founded the PLN, nationalized the banks,
- and introduced a social security system. He
- was re-elected 1953. There followed 16 years
- of mostly conservative rule, with the
- reversal of some PLN policies. In 1974 Daniel
- Oduber won the presidency for the PLN. He
- returned to socialist policies, extended the
- welfare state, and established friendly
- relations with communist states. Communist
- and left-wing parties were legalized. In 1978
- Rodrigo Carazo of the conservative Unity
- Coalition (CU) became president. His
- presidency was marked by economic collapse
- and allegations of his involvement in illegal
- arms trafficking between Cuba and El
- Salvador. In 1982 Luis Alberto Monge, a
- former trade union official and co-founder of
- PLN, won a convincing victory in the
- presidential election. To reverse the damage
- done by the Carazo government, he introduced
- a 100-day emergency economic programme. The
- Monge government came under pressure from the
- USA to abandon its neutral stance and condemn
- the left-wing Sandinista regime in Nicaragua.
- It was also urged to re-establish its army.
- Monge resisted the pressure and in 1983
- reaffirmed his country's neutrality, but
- relations with Nicaragua deteriorated after
- border clashes between Sandinista forces and
- the Costa Rican Civil Guard. In 1985 Monge
- agreed to create a US-trained anti-guerrilla
- guard, increasing doubts about Costa Rica's
- neutrality. In 1986 Oscar Arias Sanchez
- became president on a neutralist platform,
- defeating the pro-US candidate, Rafael Angel
- Calderon. However, Calderon won the 1990
- presidential election.
-